<p>Pickens Hall was a vaudeville venue at Heuvelton in St. Lawrence County, New York. It was built in 1858 and is a three-story, rectangular stone building, 65 feet wide and 74 feet deep. It is an Italianate style building with commercial space on the first floor and office/storage rooms on the second floor. There is a General Store on the first floor, function space on the second, and a newly restored Opera House on the third floor which serves as a venue for various performances. The $2.75 million restoration project just received an "Excellence in Historic Preservation" award from the Preservation League of NY State.</p><br>
<p>It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 The Heuvelton Historical Association received a $50,000 state grant to restore Pickens Hall which is now open as.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Ten Broeck House, also known as the Felten-Ten Broeck-Chmura House, is located on Flatbush Road  in the Town of Ulster, north of Kingston, New York, United States. It is a stone house built in three stages in the years before the Revolution.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Benjamin Ten Broeck, a wealthy landowner whose estate it was on, for his tenants. Since his house was demolished it is the only extant remnant of that estate. Its overall design is of Dutch origin, but the kitchen design indicates that it was used by Palatine German immigrants. Vandalism and theft have cost it some of its original finishings, but it has retained its integrity. In 2005 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on a 2.7 acre parcel of land on the east side of Flatbush Road just south of the onramps to NY 199 and the western approach to the Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge. The area is mostly open fields or woodlots, with a few other houses roughly 0.3 mile (500 m) south along the same side of Flatbush. The house is set back about 200 feet (60 m) from the road, with large trees screening it from view. An unpaved driveway leads to it from the road, making a small circle in front of the house.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-and-a-half-story building of limestone rubble blocks white from lime washing. The gabled roof is shingled in asphalt; clapboard fills the gable fields on the side elevations. Two brick chimneys pierce the roof along with two gabled dormer windows in the center of the south side.</p><br>
<p>The south (front) elevation reflects the three phases of the house&#39;s construction. At the east end is a shed-roofed porch and the main entrance. In the center is a pair of large 12-over-12 sash windows in casements, with a smaller pair of windows followed by a secondary entrance at the north end. All the windows have solid wooden shutters painted red and green. The west profile has two windows, one on each story, with the east having double that. On the north (rear) elevation there are only two windows in the west and center.</p><br>
<p>Each section of the house is essentially an open room. The center section was partitioned into smaller spaces, and the east section is slightly below the floor level of the other two. The east and center sections have fireplaces, the latter with a wooden Georgian mantel. Exposed ceiling beams support the garrets above. The western and center sections are connected by a battened door with wrought iron strap hinges and pancake nailing plates.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>1751–1770: Original construction</h3><br>
<p>Benjamin Ten Broeck I, who built the house, was the great-grandson of Wessel Ten Broeck, who had come to the New Netherland colony in 1626 with Peter Minuit. In 1748 he built his manor house (since demolished) near the site where three years later he built the first section of present house, intended to house tenant farmers on his land. A family named Felten, probably the descendants of early 18th century refugees from the Palatinate region of Germany, were the first tenants.</p><br>
<p>Ten Broeck built the house in accordance with Dutch vernacular building traditions as they had been adapted by settlers in the area. Among those was an open jambless hearth in the center of the space for cooking and heating purposes. This section was probably open originally and subdivided later. The second phase, the western section, continued the line of the house in the Dutch fashion when it was built in 1765.</p><br>
<p>The placement of trimmer beams on the west wall of the 1765 addition suggests that the original plan called for another jambless hearth on that side. But no hearth support exists below, and it is likely instead that the plan was changed during construction to allow for a cast iron stove on a masonry support that could be heated with coals drawn from the fireplace in the center room. This arrangement, called a Stube, is typical of German houses of the time and suggests that the occupants of the house were of that national background.</p><br>
<p>The last phase, the eastern wing, was probably built around 1770 although the style of the contemporaneous mantel addition in the center suggests it could have been as late as 1790. The change to the center fireplace was probably a result of the new wing being conceived as a kitchen.</p><br>
<h3>1777–present: Changes and preservation</h3><br>
<p>In 1777, British ships on the Hudson River fired on the Ten Broeck house during the burning of Kingston. The family took refuge in the farmhouse while the main house was repaired.</p><br>
<p>After the Revolution, most of the estate remained in Ten Broeck family hands until the early 20th century. Their residency on it is less clear. One account has it that Elizabeth Maraquat, Benjamin Ten Broeck I&#39;s granddaughter, remained in the main house until 1820. The earliest recorded deed for the land it sits on, however, is from 1803 and describes it as being sold by a Johannis Snyder of Kingston to William Prince of Fairfield County, Connecticut. Snyder, whom the deed indicates was living on the land at the time, is believed to be the younger brother of Maria Felten. This suggests the former tenants had already taken title to the property by that time.</p><br>
<p>In 1904 the main house was demolished, leaving the tenant house the only remnant of what was once a large estate north of Kingston. Three decades later, in 1936, the house was documented for the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS). Photographs taken of it at that time show that there were no trees around it.</p><br>
<p>Shortly afterwards, in 1939, a Kingston antique dealer visited the house. He was gathering artifacts for the Winterthur Museum in Delaware, and succeeded in exchanging a historically accurate window casement for one of the originals. He also offered to buy the interior door but the owner at that time, a farmer named Steven Chmura, declined.</p><br>
<p>Since then, in periods of vacancy between ownership, the house has been subject to theft and vandalism. This cost it the original shutters and the door between the central and western sections. Around 1990 the western door was closed off and all the floorboards replaced with similarly designed modern wood. The current owner has also had to replace the window casements.</p><br>
<p>Bussell Island, formerly Lenoir Island, is an island located at the mouth of the Little Tennessee River, at its confluence with the Tennessee River in Loudon County, near the USA city of Lenoir City, Tennessee. The island was inhabited by various Native American cultures for thousands of years before the arrival of early European explorers. The Tellico Dam and a recreational area occupy part of the island. Part of the island was added in 1978 to the National Register of Historic Places for its archaeological potential.</p><br>
<p>Native American habitation of Bussell Island dates to the Late Archaic period (c. 3000–1000 BC). The island is believed to have been the location of the capital of Coste—a Mississippian-period chiefdom visited by Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in 1540—and was later part of the domain of the Overhill Cherokee and the regional homelands of the Cherokee people.</p><br>
<p>In 1887 and 1919, archaeologists conducted extensive excavations at Bussell Island and identified its archaeological importance. The island was drastically modified in the 1970s when the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) built Tellico Dam.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Bussell Island is situated where the Little Tennessee River joins the Tennessee River, just over 601 mi upstream from the mouth of the latter. The island originally stretched for about a mile up the Little Tennessee, but the construction of Tellico Dam across the islands west river channel in the 1970s created a reservoir that flooded the southern two-thirds of the island. To contain the reservoir, an earthen levee was built along the islands new south shore and across the islands east river channel, connecting the island to the mainland. TVAs construction of a canal connecting the Tellico and Fort Loudoun reservoirs severed this section of the mainland, thus creating a new island that stretches for about a mile east-to-west, and touches three TVA lakes: Fort Loudoun, Watts Bar, and Tellico.</p><br>
<p>Lenoir City is located along the Tennessee River opposite Bussell Island. USA Route 321 (Lamar Alexander Parkway) crosses the islands new eastern half, and State Route 444 (Tellico Parkway) traverses the center of the island, with the two roads intersecting on the islands eastern tip. US-321 crosses via the J. Carmichael Bridge, which spans both Fort Loudoun Dam and the canal.</p><br>
<p>John W. Emmert, who conducted excavations on the island in 1887 for the Smithsonian Institution, stated that the original island covered 200 acre, and rose to a maximum of 15 ft above the river. Emmert described the island&#39;s banks as "steep" with "heavy timber and much cane growing along them." Emmert also noted that the island was occasionally submerged when the Little Tennessee flooded, and noted that his excavation work was interrupted by one such flood which submerged the island to upwards of 12 ft.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>The earliest known inhabitants of Bussell Island lived during the Late Archaic period (c. 3000–1000 BC), and occupied the island sporadically throughout the Woodland period (1000 BC – 1000 AD). Archaeologist Mark R. Harrington, who conducted extensive excavations in the area in 1919 for the Heye Foundation, called these early inhabitants "Round Grave" people, due to their practice of burying their dead in small, round graves. The Round Grave people used tools made of animal bone and stone, and used both steatite vessels and simple pottery.</p><br>
<p>The successors to the Round Grave people at Bussell Island were a people Harrington simply called the "Second Culture." This culture was part of what is now known as the Mississippian culture, which flourished in the upper Tennessee Valley between 900 and 1600 AD. The Mississippian people of the upper Tennessee Valley are known for building large, earthwork platform mounds and conical burial mounds, including several found on Bussell Island and the surrounding mainland. Bussell Island&#39;s Mississippian inhabitants used triangular flint arrowheads, celt axes, and wore ornaments made from copper and seashells (the latter suggesting trade with coastal regions).</p><br>
<h3>Coste</h3><br>
<p>In 1540, Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto embarked on an expedition across what is now the Southeastern United States, then called "La Florida," in hopes of finding an interior route to Mexico. Marching north from Florida, De Soto passed through modern South Carolina and North Carolina before turning west and crossing the Blue Ridge Mountains via the Nolichucky Valley into East Tennessee. After resting for several weeks at the prominent village of Chiaha (near modern Douglas Dam), De Soto continued down the French Broad River and Tennessee River to the village of Coste, centered around Bussell Island. He reached its outskirts on July 1, 1540.</p><br>
<p>De Soto held a friendly meeting with the chief of Coste on July 2, but relations quickly soured after the Spaniards pillaged some of the Costeans&#39; storehouses, and several Costeans attacked the Spaniards with clubs. De Soto devised a ruse in which he kidnapped the chief and held him hostage for several days. After the chief promised to assign guides and porters to the expedition, De Soto departed on July 9. The expedition continued up the Little Tennessee to the village of Tali (near modern Vonore), and eventually found its way south to Coosa, a chiefdom in northern Georgia.</p><br>
<p>The inhabitants of Coste, like the inhabitants of Chiaha, spoke a Muskogean language similar to that used by the later Muscogee (Creek) and Koasati tribes. (Linguist Charles Hudson suggests that the term "Koasati" may have been derived from "Coste"). Coste was probably part of the Coosa chiefdom&#39;s sphere of influence, which stretched from the upper Tennessee Valley south into central Alabama. In 1567, another Spanish explorer, Juan Pardo, visited the villages of Chalahume and Satapo further up the Little Tennessee Valley, but turned back before reaching Coste.</p><br>
<h3>Cherokee and Euro-American history</h3><br>
<p>In the mid-18th century, more than a dozen Cherokee villages—known to English colonists as the Overhill towns, because they were west of the Appalachian mountains—had developed along the lower 55 mi of the Little Tennessee River, among them the villages of Chota and Tanasi. The village of Mialoquo, the lowermost of the Overhill towns, was located about 17 mi upstream from Bussell Island. Henry Timberlake, an Anglo-American colonist who had traveled up the Little Tennessee in 1761 on a peace mission, met a Cherokee head man named Slave Catcher near the mouth of the Little Tennessee. While his memoir and map were detailed, Timberlake did not refer to the island.</p><br>
<p>Throughout most of the 19th century, Bussell Island was known as "Lenoir Island," after William Ballard Lenoir, who established a large plantation and cotton mill at what is now Lenoir City. In 1887, John W. Emmert conducted the first major excavations at Bussell Island for the USA Bureau of Ethnology. By the time Harrington excavated the island in 1919, the island had come into the possession of the Bussell family, who operated a ferry along the opposite river shore in Lenoir City. Harrington excavated numerous Cherokee graves—identified by the graves&#39; "rectangular" shape and the presence of European trade goods such as glass beads from the period of trading with European-American colonists and settlers. But no known major Cherokee villages were located on the island.</p><br>
<h3>Tellico Dam project</h3><br>
<p>In the 1930s, the Tennessee Valley Authority was established and charged with building a series of dams to generate hydroelectricity and control flooding through the region. They initially proposed to build Fort Loudoun Dam downstream from the mouth of the Little Tennessee, thus creating a reservoir that would expand across both the upper Tennessee River and lower Little Tennessee River. Engineers were unable to locate a suitable downstream site for a dam. They instead built the dam about a mile upstream, planning to build it at the mouth of the Little Tennessee—known as the Fort Loudoun Extension—to divert water to the Fort Loudoun reservoir and increase that dam&#39;s generating capacity. Due to lack of funding, however, the Fort Loudoun Extension project was shelved until the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>TVA revived interest in the Fort Loudoun Extension—renamed the Tellico Dam project—in 1964. They met immediate opposition from a group of citizen activists, who included environmentalists, historical conservationists, and Native Americans with different interests and perspectives on such an infrastructure project. Construction of the dam began in 1969, but litigation stalled its completion until 1979. The University of Tennessee was hired to conduct extensive archeological excavations at sites throughout the Tellico Basin. As a result of the survey and these excavations, several sites were added to the National Register of Historic Places for their archaeological potential, among them Bussell Island, designated 40LD17.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<h3>J.W. Emmert (1887)</h3><br>
<p>Emmerts excavations for the American Bureau of Ethnology (Smithsonian Institution) took place in 1887, and were discussed in the bureaus 12th Annual Report, published in 1894. Emmert focused on two mounds on the north end of the island, known simply as Mound 1 and Mound 2. Mound 1 was 100 ft in diameter and 6.5 ft high, and described as "thoroughly worked over." Emmert uncovered 14 skeletons in Mound 1, along with pottery fragments, flint chips, glass beads, and an iron bracelet. Mound 2 was slightly larger than Mound 1, but was flanked by a diamond-shaped terrace 570 ft long and 8 ft high, which Emmert believed to be man-made. Excavators uncovered 67 skeletons in Mound 2, as well as a burnt-clay tumulus surrounded by irregular cedar-post formations.</p><br>
<h3>M.R. Harrington (1919)</h3><br>
<p>In 1919, Tennessee state archaeologist Mark Harrington boated down the Tennessee River to investigate a series of mound structures scattered along the river between Lenoir City and Hiwassee Island (about 100 miles downstream from Bussell). Like Emmert, Harrington focused on the north end of the island, although he noted that the mounds Emmert excavated had been leveled. Of the 41 burials uncovered by Harrington, 9 were of the older "Round Grave" culture. He attributed the remainder to the later, historic Cherokee inhabitants. Harrington suggested that the large diamond-shaped terrace mentioned by Emmert was a massive midden deposit that had accumulated over several centuries.</p><br>
<p>Harrington described the graves of the Round Grave culture as measuring 2 to 3 feet in diameter, with the bodies folded and compacted to fit in the graves. Typical burial goods included bone awls, steatite bowls, and animal teeth. In contrast, the Cherokee graves were rectangular, with the bodies laid in a flexed position. Typical Cherokee burial items included earthenware vessels, glass beads, and pipes.</p><br>
<p>The Bond District is a collection of historic buildings located in the district of North Kohala on the island of Hawaii.</p><br>
<p>The district has three sections: the homestead of missionaries Ellen and Reverend Elias Bond (1813–1896), Kalahikiola Church, and the Kohala Seminary.</p><br>
<h2>Ellen and Elias Bond</h2><br>
<p>Elias Bond was born in Hallowell, Maine on August 19, 1813. His father was also named Elias Bond (1774–1864), son of Colonel William Bond who served in the American Revolutionary War, and his mother was Rebecca Davis. He graduated from Bowdoin College in Maine in 1837, and from Bangor Theological Seminary in 1840. He married Ellen Mariner Howell September 29, 1840 in Hallowell, Maine and was ordained the following day. The Bonds had 11 children born in Hawaii (but only 9 lived to adulthood). Mrs. Bond died May 12, 1881, and Reverend Bond died July 24, 1896.</p><br>
<p>The Bonds sailed on the ship Gloucester from Boston November 14, 1840 with the Ninth Company from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. The ship arrived in Honolulu in May 1841 where he observed the construction of Kawaiahao Church. They were assigned a remote outpost on the northern coast of the Big Island of Hawaii, in the area known as the Kohala district.</p><br>
<h3>Bond House</h3><br>
<p>An earlier missionary to Kohala, Reverend Isaac Bliss (1804–1851), had just completed building the main house for the homestead compound when the Bonds arrived in June 1841. Bond described it as made from "native wood and plaster on stone foundation with a good cellar." By 1842 he had expanded it to about 40 ft by 36 ft.</p><br>
<p>The next addition was built of stonework similar to the Kawaiahao Church. The fieldstones were held together with burned coral mortar, to add a wash house, foundations for a woodshed and carpenter sheds, an archway, and courtyard walls, all around a large open space. Around 1845 a kitchen wing was added, with a stone foundation and wooden walls.</p><br>
<p>By 1848 the Foreign Missions Board wanted to reduce its financial support, so Bond offered to forego a salary if they would let him have the house which he had improved. Instead, the Board asked him to pay them $500 for it. But because of the changes in property law called the Mahele, Bond legally took personal title to the house. He would eventually expand the homestead and buy about 1,400 acre of the ancient land division (ahupuaa) called Iole. Leases from farmers on the land provided a steady source of income.</p><br>
<p>In 1853 another wing was added to the house, about 40 ft by 20 ft. Masonry walls were finished with lime plaster inside and out. At various times a workshop, other outbuildings and a lily pond were added. The original thatched roofs were replaced by corrugated metal.</p><br>
<p>His son Benjamin Davis Bond (January 21, 1853 – November 2, 1930) finished medical school at the University of Michigan in 1882, and returned to live in the homestead.</p><br>
<p>A doctor&#39;s office was attached to the house in 1884 for his practice. In 1889 Dr. Bond married Emma Mary Renton (1866–1951), and a wood-framed cottage was added at the east end of the main house for them.</p><br>
<p>A small shed was expanded to shelter a horse carriage and single horse stall, to be ready for emergency medical calls.</p><br>
<p>Around 1900, the family added modern bathrooms, servants&#39; quarters, and larger stables. A rock-crusher and power-house first produced gravel for paving the roads of the estate from their own quarry, and then was converted to process macadamia nuts grown on the property.</p><br>
<h2>Kalahikiola Church</h2><br>
<p>The first building for Christian missionaries in Kohala was a thatched hut in an area called Nunulu, 20&deg;12&prime;13&Prime;N latitude, 155&deg;49&prime;21&Prime;W longitude, built by Bliss in 1837, which was destroyed by a storm in 1840. The second thatched structure built on the present Kalahikiola site, called the Iole mission station, was repaired by Bond, and replaced with a wooden framed building in 1846. That was also demolished by high winds in 1849. The congregation would take five years to build a sturdier structure. Kalahikiola Church, dedicated on October 11, 1855, was made from stone and mortar entirely by hand.</p><br>
<p>The main structure is a rectangle about 40 ft by 80 ft, with a 16 ft square wooden tower that was added about 1858.</p><br>
<p>The Kalahikiola church was built a bit further south past the Bond homestead, at 53-540 Iole Road - off of Akoni Pule Highway 20&deg;13&prime;20&Prime;N latitude, 155&deg;47&prime;39&Prime;W longitude. The name comes from ka lā hiki ola meaning roughly "the day of salvation approaches" in the Hawaiian language. It was also called the "Kohala Hawaiian Church" since services were held in the Hawaiian language until 1950. The first church to offer services in English was called the "Foreign Church".</p><br>
<p>However, by the time the church was finished, the congregation was shrinking due to epidemics and emigration of laborers to employment outside the district. Since Bond personally owned the land, he formed his own "Kohala Sugar Plantation", also known as the "Missionary Sugar Plantation" to support his efforts in 1862, and employ locals.</p><br>
<p>He convinced the company Castle & Cooke, founded by former American Missionaries, to buy 3,000 acre. The first sugarcane crop was harvested in 1865, and by 1867 it adopted a less authoritarian management style, compared to other sugar plantations in Hawaii that had slave-like conditions. The mill was built downhill from the homestead, in an area known as, 20&deg;14&prime;3&Prime;N latitude, 155&deg;46&prime;41&Prime;W longitude. By the 1880s the profits made him the largest contributor to the support of other missions.</p><br>
<p>The plantation was finally shut down in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Also in 1973, an earthquake caused cracks in many of the masonry foundations and walls, but the building was repaired. The church suffered even more major damage after the 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake; one wall was reduced to a pile of rubble. Governor Linda Lingle met with members of the church at the site in a tour of the damage.</p><br>
<p>The congregation decided to rebuild, using an insurance settlement and donations. Construction finally began in November 2008, more than two years after the damage. The 30 in thick walls were replaced with concrete blocks covered in plaster to resemble the older irregular stones.</p><br>
<p>the senior Minister was the Rev. George W. Baybrook</p><br>
<h2>Kohala Seminary</h2><br>
<p>Originally the Bonds operated separate boys and girls schools. The boys constructed their own thatched structure, and Mrs. Bond taught the girls in the house.</p><br>
<p>After raising about $2500 in 1873, work was begun under carpenter D.F. Stanford on a site just uphill and inland from the church, 20&deg;13&prime;15&Prime;N latitude, 155&deg;47&prime;46&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>The girls&#39; boarding school called the Kohala Seminary had its first class in December 1874 with 13 students.</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth M. Lyons, daughter of Lorenzo Lyons of the Imiola Church in Waimea, served as first principal. She named the school "Mauna Oliva" after the Mount of Olives. In September 1878, about 30 of the 57 students contracted typhoid fever, and only 47 were able to continue the year. An additional classroom building was added, with the original building turned into a dormitory.</p><br>
<p>In 1886 Lyons was forced to return and care for her father, and another epidemic reduced enrollment.</p><br>
<p>The school was briefly closed, but opened again in 1887 under the Hawaiian Evangelical Association. The curriculum slowly evolved from preparing students to be wives and mothers, to instead be teachers or other professionals. Enrollment grew, as a high school diploma offered better employment opportunities near the end of the 19th century. Additional wings were added in 1890 and 1891, and it was remodeled after a fire in 1894. It was known as the "Select School for Girls" because of its high standards. However, after Kamehameha Schools opened a girls school in 1894, it raised the question if the Kohala Seminary was still needed. However, Kamehameha Schools only accepted Native Hawaiians, and its Hawaii island campus would not open until 2001. In 1926, the dormitory was used for girls at the new public Kohala High School. In 1956 it was finally closed, and used only for rare private functions and rental units.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Benjamin Bond closed his medical practice in 1925 and moved to Hilo, Hawaii.</p><br>
<p>Other children born at the homestead were Ellen Mariner Bicknell (1841–1922), George Shepard Bond (1844–1917), Elias Cornelius Bond (1846–1918), Thomas Spencer Bond (1849–1883), William Lee Bond (1851–1925), Caroline Sophia (1854–1943), Julia Page Bond (1857–1938), and Abbie Steele Bond (1859–1943).</p><br>
<p>The Bond family is buried in Waianaia Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>By 1967, the school was re-acquired by the Bond family from the church, since it was not being used and had fallen into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>On July 22, 1977, the district was listed as the state of Hawaii historic site 10-02-7100, and on March 30, 1978, added as site 78001016 to the National Register of Historic Places listings on the island of Hawaii. After all the children of Elias and Ellen Bond died, some grandchildren preserved the house with its original furnishings and used it as a retreat. Its remote location made it unique: the only missionary station in Hawaii to be owned by one family for over 150 years.</p><br>
<p>Land was donated July 19, 1927 by Caroline S. Bond for the Kohala public library, named the "Bond Memorial Library". A small 1,610 ft&sup2; building from 1929 was replaced by a larger one constructed in 2009. Descendant Dorothy Bond was the first librarian. The estate was purchased in 1999 by the New Moon Foundation.</p><br>
<p>After spending several years stabilizing and restoring the buildings, their plans for an educational center were delayed because of the 2006 earthquake damage. some trails were open to the public in the area.</p><br>
<p>The West House is a historic house at 229 Beech Street in Helena-West Helena, Arkansas. It is a -story wood-frame structure, built in 1900 for Mercer Elmer West by the Clem Brothers of St. Louis. The house exhibits stylistic elements of both the Colonial Revival, which was growing in popularity, and Queen Anne, which was in decline. It has a wide porch supported by Ionic columns, with a spindled balustrade. The house&#39;s corners are quoined. The main entry is flanked by slender columns supporting an architrave, and then by sidelight windows topped by a transom window. A Palladian window stands to the right of the door, and a bay window with a center transom of colored glass stands to the left.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Nathan and Clarissa Green House is a historic home located at Oswego in Oswego County, New York. It is a two-story wood-frame residence with a gabled, three-bay facade and side entrance, built about 1849 with Greek Revival details. It was built by Nathan Green, an African American and fugitive slave, who purchased the lot from Gerrit Smith. It is located next to the John and Harriet McKenzie House.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton and Rhoda Littlefield House is a historic home located at Oswego in Oswego County, New York. It is a two-story frame vernacular Federal style residence built about 1834 and remodeled in the 1920s. In 1853, Hamilton Littlefield sheltered one fugitive slave sent to him by Gerrit Smith&#39;s agent John B. Edwards, and later sheltered 15 freedom seekers all at once. Therefore, the house is documented to have been used as a way station on the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Daniel and Miriam Pease House is a historic home located at Oswego in Oswego County, New York. It is a five bay, two story frame Federal style residence with a one-story rear wing. Also on the property is a three-story timber framed barn. Its owners, Daniel and Miriam Pease, were noted abolitionists and the house is documented as having been used as a way station on the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Richardson-Bates House is a historic home located at Oswego in Oswego County, New York. It is constructed primarily of brick and built in two stages. The main section is a -story, Tuscan Villa style brick residence with a gable roof and 4-story tower designed by architect Andrew Jackson Warner about 1867. The interior features carved woodwork by Louis Lavonier. The South wing addition included a private library, formal dining room and kitchen that was completed in 1889.</p><br>
<p>The house and its contents were donated to the Oswego Historical Society in 1947. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Sturdivant Hall, also known as the Watts-Parkman-Gillman House, is a historic Greek Revival mansion and house museum in Selma, Alabama, United States. Completed in 1856, it was designed by Thomas Helm Lee for Colonel Edward T. Watts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of what is now known as Sturdivant Hall began in 1852, but was not completely finished until 1856.</p><br>
<p>The house was sold at auction for $12,500 (~$ in ) in January 1870 to Emile Gillman, a prominent Selma merchant. The Gillman family owned the house until 1957, when it was sold to the City of Selma for $75,000 (~$ in ). A large share of the money for buying the house came through a $50,000 bequest from the estate of Robert Daniel Sturdivant, with a provision for setting up a museum in the city. The mansion was turned into a house museum after the purchase and named in honor of Sturdivant. The property continues to be maintained into the present day by the City of Selma, Dallas County, and the Sturdivant Museum Association.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two-story brick structure, stuccoed to give the appearance of ashlar. The front facade features a monumentally scaled hexastyle portico utilizing 30 ft-tall Corinthian columns. The front portico is accessed from the second floor by a cantilevered balcony with an intricate cast-iron railing. Identical front doorways on both levels feature elaborate Greek Revival door surrounds with full Corinthian columns to each side of the door.</p><br>
<p>The side elevations of the house feature a small cantilevered balcony on one side and a wide first floor porch surmounted by another balcony on the other. Both make use of elaborate cast-iron structural and decorative elements. The rear elevation is dominated by a monumental distyle in antis portico with two Doric columns. A kitchen, smokehouse and two-story servants&#39; quarters are set at right angles to the rear portico, forming a semi-enclosed courtyard to the rear of the house. A low pyramidal hipped roof covers the main block of the house, as well as the front and rear porticoes. It is crowned by a small cupola.</p><br>
<p>The interiors of Sturdivant Hall reflect the growing taste for opulence in the United States during the 1850s. The first floor has elaborate plasterwork and millwork throughout, with the drawing room and ladies parlor being the most detailed. They both feature door surrounds with Corinthian columns and are ringed by paneled pilasters, topped by plaster cornices. The main entrance for the first floor enters a L-shaped front hall, with a cantilevered staircase in the side portion of the hall. Other rooms on the first floor are the dining room, gentleman&#39;s parlor, and the warming room. The second floor houses a T-shaped hall and four bedrooms. From there, another cantilevered stair leads to an attic-level landing. From this landing a spiral stair winds around a central pole up to the cupola.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>The house has at least one ghost story associated with it. Sturdivant Hall is featured in a short story by Kathryn Tucker Windham, in her 13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey. The story, "The Return of the Ruined Banker", involves John Parkman and the purported return of his ghost to the house after his death.</p><br>
<p>The Dey Mansion , located in modern-day Wayne, Passaic County, New Jersey, United States, and originally known as Bloomsburg Manor, played an integral role in the American Revolutionary War. Built by Col. Theunis Dey in the 1770s, it served as Washington&#39;s Headquarters on several occasions. Today, the Dey Mansion is currently open year-round with guided public tours Wednesday through Sunday.</p><br>
<h2>Dey family history</h2><br>
<p>In 1641 Dirck Janszen Siecken Dey, a soldier for the Dutch West India Company, of Denmark was the first of his family to settle in the colonies. His grandson Dirck Dey, a Denmark Dutch born planter, purchased 600 acres of land in Preakness Valley, now Wayne Township. By 1764 Dirck of Denmark passed the mansion onto his niece Denise. along with his wife, Hester Schuyler, raised ten children in the mansion. Theunis was a political figure who served on the state council by representing Bergen County and was a member of the charter trustee at Queens college, now Rutgers University. He also served as a colonel in the Bergen County Militia during the American Revolution. It was during his service in the militia that he came into contact with George Washington. This led to Theunis to offer his mansion to serve as Washington&#39;s headquarters in 1780.</p><br>
<h2>Washington&#39;s Preakness Valley Headquarters</h2><br>
<p>George Washington stayed at the Dey Mansion during the American Revolution as one of his Headquarters. This area of the Preakness Valley was chosen because its location, as well as its abundance of food and forage in the surrounding area. On two separate occasions the Dey Mansion served as Headquarters for Washington, once from July 1 through July 28, 1780 and again from October 8 through November 27, 1780.</p><br>
<p>During his stay Washington and his advisers which included Alexander Hamilton, Robert H. Harrison, Tench Tilghman, David Humphreys and James McHenry used the four rooms on the south-eastern side of the mansion for their bedrooms as well as their military war rooms. Washington also had numerous visitors while at the Dey Mansion, those of which include the Marquis de Lafayette, General Anthony Wayne, Major General Lord Stirling, Benedict Arnold, General William Howe and the Marquis de Chastellux.</p><br>
<p>Washington&#39;s letters and correspondences during his time at the Dey Mansion totaled 964, for over 1800 written pages. One of which informed him on July 14, 1780, that the French allied support had landed at Newport, Rhode Island. Washington left on July 28 to join them. While at the mansion, Washington also issued the commission to West Point to Benedict Arnold, a respected soldier at the time.</p><br>
<p>As one of the five aides de camp at the Dey Mansion, Alexander Hamilton would write many letters, both for Washington and for personal reasons. While Washington was out of the mansion for the afternoon of July 21, Hamilton received an urgent letter from Elias Dayton regarding intelligence. This letter warned that the British had sent "fifty sails of transport" from New York for Rhode Island. Hamilton quickly drafted a letter and sent it to Lafayette in Connecticut and when Washington returned, Hamilton wrote another letter to Rochambeau with a warning. This intelligence information and quick response saved the French fleet and Continental soldiers.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton would also write many letters to his fiancé, Elizabeth Schuyler. The two had met that spring and were engaged to be married, but war delayed the ceremony. Hamilton was denied time off for a spring wedding, due to the campaigns and was forced to wait until December to be married. While waiting for the wedding, Hamilton wrote many romantic letters to Elizabeth, hoping she still desired to marry him.</p><br>
<p>During Washingtons time away from the Dey Mansion Major, General Benedict Arnolds treason became evident and his accomplice Major John Andre was hanged in Tappan, New York on October 2. Fearing that the British commander Sir Henry Clinton would seek revenge, Washington moved his army once again to the Preakness Valley&#39;s Dey Mansion, and arrived on October 8, 1780. He stayed there until November 27, 1780, when he moved his headquarters and a portion of his army to Morristown, New Jersey. Alexander Hamilton would leave the Dey Mansion with Washington, but would travel to Albany, where he would wed Elizabeth Schuyler on December 14, 1780.</p><br>
<h2>Layout of the mansion and surrounding property</h2><br>
<p>The Dey Mansion is of Georgian style architecture with English and Dutch influences, and was built on a 600-acre lot in Preakness Valley, now Wayne, New Jersey. The mansion was built facing the south in order receive sunlight. Each floor of the two story mansion features a long and wide center hall with multiple rooms on each side and an attic that spans the entire length of the mansion. The original kitchen was separate from the house and burned down sometime in the 19th century. A new kitchen was built next to the house as a WPA project in the 1930s, which accurately represents a colonial summer kitchen for a wealthy family. In the home today, a full restoration of the mansion was completed in 2016 however, most of the original wood frames and floors still exist. The mansion sits on the 377-acre property of the Preakness Valley Park, with features built onto the property, including a forge, plantation house, spring house, and a courtyard in the middle of the three buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Dey Mansion through the years</h2><br>
<p>Colonel Theunis Deys grandson, General Richard Dey, sold the mansion and remaining 335 acres land in 1801. Since then sixteen different families have owned the mansion and land until the County of Passaic purchased it. Besides the Dey family, another family of notoriety to live here was the Hogencamp, who was the first mayor of Wayne Township. The family lived in the house for almost fifty years and is buried in the family cemetery on the property. Theunis Deys daughter, Ann, is also buried in the family cemetery, but it&#39;s unknown if any other family members are buried here.</p><br>
<p>List of Family Owners from its Construction to Present</p><br>
<p>1740–1801: Dey</p><br>
<p>1801–1813: Neafie</p><br>
<p>1813–1861: Hogencamp</p><br>
<p>1861–1864: Yeoman</p><br>
<p>1864–1865: Gillen</p><br>
<p>1865–1866: Tainter</p><br>
<p>1866–1875: Millington</p><br>
<p>1875–1883: Howe</p><br>
<p>1883–1889: Heeseman</p><br>
<p>1889–1891: Islieb</p><br>
<p>1891–1892: Heeseman</p><br>
<p>1892–1901: Petry</p><br>
<p>1901–1902: Heeseman</p><br>
<p>1902–1906: Belcher</p><br>
<p>1906–1907: French</p><br>
<p>1907–1909: Murphy</p><br>
<p>1909–1912: Wright</p><br>
<p>1912–1918: Pfister</p><br>
<p>1918–1930: Alsheimer</p><br>
<p>1930–present: Passaic County Parks</p><br>
<p>On January 10, 1930, the Passaic County Parks Commission acquired the land, and on October 8, 1934, it was opened for visitors. Among the guests invited to its opening was President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and although he was unable to attend he wrote a letter in which he said, "You have made a real contribution to the history of the nation"(See picture of letter). In 1970 the Dey Mansion was entered into the New Jersey Register of Historic Places as well as the National Register of Historic Places. As of 1987 the Dey Mansion has been open to the public as a museum, and it is owned and operated by the County of Passaic Department of Cultural & Historic Affairs. It serves as a meeting place and reenactment center for many historic groups such as the Hester Schuyler-Colfax Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution. On February 22, 2016, the newly restored Dey Mansion was rededicated by Passaic County.</p><br>
<p>Indian God Rock is a large boulder in the northwestern part of the USA state of Pennsylvania. Located near the unincorporated community of Brandon, it lies along the Allegheny River in Venango Countys Rockland Township. It is significant for the large petroglyph on one of its sides. Because of the petroglyph, the rock has been an explorers landmark, a tourist attraction, and an object of scholarly investigation.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>One of many large boulders lining the banks of the Allegheny River in Venango County, Indian God Rock is composed of sandstone and measures approximately 22×14×10 feet, or 7×4×4 meters by another measurement. As sandstone is an easy material to carve, the rock was an ideal surface for the creation of rock art.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Among the fifty-five different figures present on Indian God Rock include geometric shapes and depictions of humans and animals in a range of positions. approximately 7.5 mi to the east.</p><br>
<p>The date of the petroglyph is uncertain; it is believed to have been carved at some point after AD 900, but most likely after 1200. The terminus ante quem for its creation is 1749, when it was recorded by multiple members of a French expedition along the Allegheny. At this time, the rock was plainly invested with religious meaning; according to one member of the expedition, accompanying Native American guides "regarded the rock with superstitious reverence." Besides recording the rock and their disdain for the "savages" who created it, the expedition placed two lead plates at the site as evidence of their presence. During the nineteenth century, Indian God Rock became a popular tourist attraction — steamships on the Allegheny would often stop to allow their passengers to examine the petroglyph.</p><br>
<h2>Modern history</h2><br>
<h3>Deterioration</h3><br>
<p>In recent decades, the Indian God Rock has suffered significantly from erosion and vandalism. Since the nineteenth century, visitors have cut their names into the rock, and recent years have seen the use of spray paint by some individuals. Although archaeologists have highlighted the carvings in the past, the figures are now somewhat difficult to see.</p><br>
<h3>Recognition</h3><br>
<p>In the twentieth century, Indian God Rock became the object of significant archaeological investigation for the information potential of its carvings. Its place as the first Ohio River valley petroglyph to appear in written records and the continued scholarly attention to its carvings has caused it to be seen as the premier example of monumental rock art in its region. The United States Forest Service has recognized the rock as one of the most significant of the seventy-five Native American archaeological sites in the portion of the Allegheny River that has been designated a National Wild and Scenic River. In 1984, it was further recognized when the National Park Service added it to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Accessibility</h3><br>
<p>In 1982, the rock lay on the right-of-way for a railroad line operated by the Conrail. Today, the rail line is closed; instead, the Middle Allegheny River Water Trail passes near the rock, and hikers can view the rock from a lookout along the trail. As in the nineteenth century, Indian God Rock is also visible from watercraft on the Allegheny River.</p><br>
<p>The Cornelius H. Evans House is located on Warren Street in downtown Hudson, New York, United States. It is a brick house dating to the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<p>It was the home of Evans, a local brewer and businessman who served two terms as the city&#39;s mayor. His descendants remained in the house for 80 years. After being used as a synagogue and community center for short periods, it has returned to residential use. On November 1, 1974, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a contributing property to the Hudson Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on the north side of Warren Street, a few lots east of North Fourth Street. The level ground starts to slope up gently to the east. The neighborhood is urban and densely developed, with houses of a similar vintage on the north side of the street and mixed-use development opposite. There is a small front yard, set off by an iron fence, on the 0.75 acre lot. Parking is in the rear.</p><br>
<p>Two and a half stories high and five bays wide, the house is faced in brick with sandstone window trim. A three-story tower is attached on the west side. At the roofline of the main block is a bracketed cornice. Above it is a mansard roof with gabled dormer windows shingled in fish-scale polychrome slate, pierced by two brick chimneys on the eastern side. The tower has a similarly treated pyramidal roof whose flat top is crowned with a finial.</p><br>
<p>The south (front) facade has a small wooden hood on its centrally located main entrance, reached via a small set of stone steps. Ivy climbs up the southeast corner almost to the roofline and on the west side of the main entrance. Above it the central window on the second story has a classical treatment, with two flanking pilasters and a dentiled pediment. The dormer window above it has two flanking smaller windows.</p><br>
<p>On the three-bay east side a bay window with narrow windows projects from the center of the first story. Above it is a round window. The roof has two dormers at the ends; the chimneys rise between them. The tower has circular and round-arched windows. Besides the tower the west profile is marked by an enclosed veranda.</p><br>
<p>The interior follows a center hall plan. The hallway has the main staircase and original wainscoting. Scrolled archways lead into the flanking spaces, and the floor is decorated in a raised-pattern wallpaper with a pattern resembling tooled leather. The molded woodwork, white marble mantels, stained glass, brass doorknobs and interior shutters are all original.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Robert Evans, Cornelius&#39;s father, built in the house in 1861, when his son was 20. The older man had, a quarter-century earlier, bought a brewery in the city dating to 1796. Since then he had expanded it fourfold. The house was his statement of success and commitment to the city of Hudson. Its architect is unknown, but it shows the influence of James Renwick, who in the years before had pioneered the mansard-roofed buildings that evolved into the Second Empire style with the original Corcoran Gallery in Washington and, closer to Hudson, Main Building at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie. The Evans House applies those ideas to a smaller, residential structure.</p><br>
<p>The year before the house was built, Cornelius Evans had joined the family business as a clerk. Four years later, in 1865, he became a member of the corporation and, on his father&#39;s death in 1868, took over as its head. Under his leadership the company grew even more. Sales of its major product, Evans India Pale Ale, were so high that the company opened its own bottling plant next to the brewery in 1889. Within a year the bottling plant had to be doubled in size to keep up with demand.</p><br>
<p>Cornelius Evans succeeded his father as a civic leader as well, serving as a director of National Hudson City Bank, as Robert had. In the 1870s he was elected to two non-consecutive two-year terms as the city&#39;s mayor.</p><br>
<p>Cornelius Evans Jr. inherited the house when his father died in 1902. The brewery had to close in 1920 when Prohibition began. When Cornelius Jr. died in 1941, his son Roland sold the house out of the family. Five years later that owner sold it to Congregation Anshe Emeth, a local synagogue, for use as a house of worship and community center. In 1970 it was sold again and returned to residential use.</p><br>
<p>The Harriet Phillips Bungalow is located on NY 23B on the western edge of Claverack, New York, United States. It is a stucco-sided frame building dating from the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>A strong example of an American Craftsman Bungalow, it is possible that the house may have been built as a catalog home sold by an Iowa company that preceded Sears in offering full kits that included materials and designs for such homes. In 1997 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house is on the eastern side of Route 23B, slightly north of Willmon Road on the opposite side. The property includes a small front lawn. The surrounding neighborhood is residential, with most other houses built in the early or mid-twentieth century. At the lot&#39;s southeastern corner is a garage that is similar in style and material to the house. It is considered a contributing resource to the National Register listing.</p><br>
<p>The bungalow is a one-and-a-half-story frame structure on a foundation of poured concrete. It is faced in stucco. Wide overhanging eaves, supported by occasional paired brackets, mark the line of the side-gabled roof that is shingled in asphalt and pierced by large dormer windows in the front and rear. The other roof lines have similar treatments. A brick chimney rises on the eastern side. The northern (front) facade has a full-length porch with an arched support.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the front entrance, offset slightly to the east, has a screen door and a beveled-glass front door. The entrance leads into a first floor, which is divided into four large spaces: a front hall with a staircase, living room, dining room, and kitchen. A Tuscan order columned archway leads into the living room from the hall. Double French doors separate the living room from the dining room, which has a bay window on the western wall. The landing between the first floor and the half-story has a stained glass window.</p><br>
<p>Many original finishes remain. Most reflect the Arts and Crafts styles of the era, particularly the leaded glass in the window panes and the clear slash grain Douglas fir woodwork, especially the full-height kitchen cabinets. Other early twentieth century styles influenced the interior decoration, however. The columned entrance to the living room is a Classical Revival touch, and the turned spindle balusters on the stairway are a sign of lingering Queen Anne influence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bungalows, small houses with broad, sloping roofs, first became popular in California and then spread to the rest of the country. The Phillips house exhibits a primary characteristic of the form, in the recessed porch, which treats the space as more part of the interior than as an appendage. Aspects further associated with the American Craftsman influence are the broad eaves and the use of stucco as an exterior material.</p><br>
<p>It is possible that the house may be a catalog house or "kit house", as they also are known, assembled from prefabricated materials that are sold directly to homeowners. While these houses most commonly are associated with Sears, which made most of them between 1908 and 1940, there were other manufacturers.</p><br>
<p>The Philips bungalow is very similar to a design in the 1923 catalog of another manufacturer, the Gorden-Van Tine Company of Davenport, Iowa, which had preceded Sears in offering a complete package of design and factory-cut materials. Many details and dimensions are identical. The only changes seem to be the elimination of a den on the first floor to allow for a larger bedroom and front hall, and the rearrangement of the staircase and upstairs bathroom to allow for a third bedroom upstairs.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the roof was covered in cedar shake. The porch had been enclosed soon after construction, but that has been reversed. There have been no other significant changes to the house. It has remained a private residence since it was built.</p><br>
<p>The First Columbia County Courthouse is located along NY 23B near the center of the hamlet of Claverack, New York, United States. It is a brick building in the Federal style constructed in 1786 and renovated in the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<p>At that time Claverack was the seat of Columbia County. The courthouse was in use for 20 years until nearby Hudson replaced Claverack as the county seat. Martin Van Buren argued cases there, and Alexander Hamilton may have as well. The Harry Croswell libel case, in which a local journalist was criminally charged for his criticism of President Thomas Jefferson, was first tried here.</p><br>
<p>After its days as a courthouse ended, the building remained in use as a meeting room. It has since been converted into apartments. In 1998 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The old courthouse is on the north side of Route 23B, at the west corner of Old Lane, across the road from the Stephen Hogeboom House, also on the Register. The neighborhood is residential, with many other 18th and 19th century houses. It sits at the front of a 1.5 acre lot. There is one other building, a modern garage, and a structure, a gazebo, on the property. Both of them are of modern construction and thus do not contribute to its historic character.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The courthouse itself is a two-story, five-by-four-bay brick building on a stone foundation. It is topped by a gabled roof clad in seamed metal. Delineating it at the roofline is a broad frieze with modillions and a molded cornice with partial returns.</p><br>
<p>On the north side is a two-story wing that itself has a two-story frame wing, offset to the west. A one-story, one-room flat-roofed addition is on the west side.</p><br>
<p>The south (front) facade is dominated by its main entrance. It has a portico with a flat roof and deep cornice supported by two fluted columns. Sidelights and a transom frame the entry, which consists of two Doric posts supporting a lintel with a molded top edge and applied dentils. The four-panel door is framed by flat surrounds and egg-and-dart molding.</p><br>
<p>On the east there are three windows on the first story and two on the second. The clapboard-filled gable field has a large fanlight. The other two elevations are dominated by their respective wings.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The narrow center hall has two rooms of equal size on either side. It once ran the depth of the building but has since been truncated. The brick wing has been extensively remodeled for conversion into an apartment. In its brick wall the space of the old fireplace, now covered over, can still be seen. It has no cellar. The frame addition has also been remodeled.</p><br>
<p>Considerable support has been added to the cellar. A load-bearing wall runs along the east side paralleling the hallway. Two old chamfered posts have been placed under the southwest room to shore it up.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was used as a courthouse for the first twenty years of its existence. During that time, it saw many notable lawyers of the day and the beginning of one landmark case. Afterwards, it was used as a meeting house and house, with one owner making significant renovations to it. A century after that, more renovations were made, particularly inside, to convert it into apartments.</p><br>
<h3>1786–1806: Courthouse</h3><br>
<p>Columbia County was formed in 1786, with Claverack as its seat. That same year a resident, Gabriel Esselstyne, deeded the land to the county for £20. Local mason William Ludlow began construction in July. According to some accounts it took two years to complete, at a cost of £3,600. The courthouse was located at the junction of two major routes, the old Indian road across the county that later became the toll Columbia Turnpike (today followed by routes 23 and 23B) and the original Albany Post Road.</p><br>
<p>The court had a small jail annex in the rear, and nearby were a pillory for public whippings and a hanging tree for more serious punishments. The pillory is no longer extant; the location of the hanging tree is not known.</p><br>
<p>While construction was underway, the first sessions were held in 1787, with Judge Peter Van Ness presiding. Attorneys sworn into the new county&#39;s bar included some of the leading lawyers in the state of New York at the time, such as William Peter Van Ness, Ambrose Spencer, Thomas P. Grosvenor and Peter van Schaack, men who later served as judges and public officials of the new state. Martin Van Buren of nearby Kinderhook began his career arguing cases in the courthouse on his way to becoming president. It is very likely that Alexander Hamilton appeared in the building, since he was attorney for his in-laws, who had ongoing litigation in the county over their landholdings in what is now Hillsdale.</p><br>
<p>In the early years of the 19th century, a landmark case in American libel law was first heard in Claverack. Harry Croswell, a young journalist based in nearby Hudson who supported the Federalist Party, had been attacking President Thomas Jefferson and his supporters in a small news sheet called The Wasp. This led to Ambrose Spencer, by then the state&#39;s Attorney General, securing an indictment of Croswell from a grand jury on two charges of violating the Sedition Act in 1803.</p><br>
<p>Spencer prosecuted the case personally, and Croswell was convicted. He appealed the verdict to what was then known as the New York Supreme Court, the states highest. In a six-hour oration in Croswells defense, Hamilton argued that truthful statements could not be libelous. The judges deadlocked, and Croswell was never sentenced or retried. The following year, 1805, the state legislature wrote Hamilton&#39;s argument into state law.</p><br>
<p>That same year, the county seat was moved to Hudson, growing rapidly due to its importance as a whaling center. Cases continued to be heard in Claverack for another year while the new courthouse was built there. Many lawyers and judges continued to reside in Claverack since it was a short distance to Hudson and travel between the two communities did not take long.</p><br>
<h3>1807–present</h3><br>
<p>The courthouse continued to occupy a place of respect within the community after the courts left. Its high ceilings made it ideal for public meetings, and it was also used for education and dances. In 1843 the county sold it. The new owner, Peter Hoffman, a Brooklyn merchant who had retired upstate, introduced some Greek Revival elements in his renovations, most noticeably the front portico, which echoes that of the Hogeboom house across the street.</p><br>
<p>Over the rest of the century, a succession of owners, all like Hoffman formerly residents of New York City, moved in. At some point the frame kitchen wing on the rear was added. Some brought other renovations which give the house a mix of urban (the narrow center hall) and rural aspects. It also has the highest levels of ornamentation of any Federal-era house in the county.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, in the late 1940s, a new owner decided to convert the building into a multiple-unit dwelling. This led to extensive changes to the interior floor plan, particularly in the rear wing. The garage was also added at this time. There have been no modifications since then.</p><br>
<p>Virginia House is a manor house on a hillside overlooking the James River in the Windsor Farms neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia, United States.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed from the materials of the 16th-century Priory House, Warwick in Warwickshire, England, and shipped over and reassembled, completed several months before the stock market crash of 1929. Virginia House is in the Tudor architectural style but incorporates a range of designs from other English houses and has modern facilities such as ten baths and central heating.</p><br>
<p>Virginia House was built by Alexander and Virginia Weddell, salvaging many materials from the Priory and other old English manor houses and adding further elegant English and Spanish antiques, oriental carpets, silks, and silver. Today Virginia House is operated by the Virginia Historical Society as a house museum, although it largely remains as it was in the 1940s during the Weddells’ tenancy. Immediately to the west of the property is Agecroft Hall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The façade of Virginia House was originally located on the grounds of the former Augustinian Priory of the Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem (Warwick Priory) in Warwick, England, founded in 1109. In 1536, at the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the priory was shut down and the land later bought by a politician named Thomas Hawkins alias Fisher, during the reign of Edward VI.</p><br>
<p>Alexander W. Weddell, a wealthy American diplomat and his wife Virginia Chase Steedman, however, offered a lump sum of £3,500 for the entire remaining structure and secured a deal before the auction was held. The purchase by the Americans caused an outrage in the British press and the Weddells were heavily criticized given that the heritage property was to be demolished. The objection to the purchase was also backed by a Member of Parliament (MP) who proposed that the sale be invalidated in order to prevent this "act of vandalism". However, the motion was rejected and as it gradually became apparent what the Weddels intentions were, on April 13, 1926, another MP, Frank Rye, sent a letter to Alexander Weddell saying, "Had you not stepped in and bought the materials of the partially demolished structure, they would have been lost for all time, whereas now they will be utilised in the erection of a new building."</p><br>
<p>The Tudor mansion was dismantled but, concerned that the stone would swiftly disintegrate during the demolition phase, Weddells advisers ordered that a small explosive device be triggered in the centre of the house and the undamaged stones salvaged. However, the explosion had the effect of splitting the walls intact meaning that much of the building could be salvaged and shipped to the United States. The first shipments arrived in Richmond, Virginia in early 1926, but they were soaked in seawater and had to be dried in a barn for up to six months. From the very beginning, the Weddells planned on deeding the house to the Virginia Historical Society and allocating the west wing of the structure as a museum once it was rebuilt in Virginia. The Weddells also intended the structure to become the societys new headquarters.</p><br>
<p>Virginia House was constructed in the Windsor Farms neighborhood of Richmond by the General Contracting firm of Allen J. Saville, Inc., although several different architects were employed during the rebuilding. Foundation work began on November 6, 1925, and the structure was officially turned over to the Weddells on January 1, 1929. The total cost of the construction was $236,968.83, with an additional $15,000 spent on buying the lot, a considerable sum for that time.</p><br>
<p>The Weddells lived at Virginia House until they both died in a train accident in 1948. After their deaths the house became the permanent residence of the historical society. On June 13, 1990, Virginia House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due to it being considered "a noteworthy representative of a peculiar residential building type prevalent in the late 19th and early 20th century period of American architecture." During this time known as the Country Place Era many wealthy American families built extensive country estates emulating those they had seen while traveling in Europe.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>Although many stones and materials were salvaged and used to rebuild the Hawkins priory in Virginia, the reconstructed house incorporated other designs and influences. Following the acquisition of the Warwickshire property, the Weddells hired chief architect Henry Grant Morse and scouted the English countryside, surveying properties and considering various designs they could incorporate into the rebuilding process. As a result, the reconstruction is not a replica of the original building. The west wing of the house is actually a replica of Sulgrave Manor, a small manor house in Northamptonshire, England, which once belonged to Lawrence Washington, an ancestor of America&#39;s first president, George Washington. However, the center of the house is a reproduction of the original Warwickshire priory and uses the curvilinear gables, strapwork design, and balustrades that the English commonly adapted from the Low Countries in the early seventeenth century. The east wing of the house, however, is based on Wormleighton Manor, a Spencer-Churchill family estate in England.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior to Virginia House is elegant with oak furnishings and an assortment of English and Spanish antiques, oriental carpets, silks, and silverware. The first floor consists mainly of large, elaborate rooms, intended for social meetings and to house the functions and exhibits of the Virginia Historical Society. The second floor was mainly designed to be used as the private living quarters of the Weddells and their staff and featured a large library, which now functions as the boardroom and research facility of the Virginia Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The rear hall again uses old oak high paneling and has small six by nine-inch oil portraits of Renaissance figures. Freestanding Corinthian columns in the hallway form an ornamental gateway and stained glass doors at the end enter the rear porch arcade. The dining room was furnished with oak bought later from Redbourn Manor in Hertfordshire and has an imposing Portland stone fireplace positioned midway in the room. The floor is made of old re-sawn pegged oak and the Tudor rose ceiling motif is repeated. In the southeast wing of the house is the Sulgrave Room, a reproduction of the great hall from the Washington family&#39;s Sulgrave Manor. The fireplace mantel is made of an oak beam, once used at the original priory. Heavy oak timbers were used to construct the open beam ceiling in this room, which also features mottled plaster walls.</p><br>
<p>The grand second-floor library room is also of major note, with a high cathedralesque ceiling and a grand conference table previously used for board meetings by the Virginia Historical Society. As with the Sulgrave Room, the mantelpiece is made from the Hawkins manor oak and is notably carved with an inscription that reads, "O ye fyre and heate bless ye the Lord." Behind the library paneling is a secret hidden passage, added at Alexander Weddells request, leading to his private study. The rest of the second floor consists of living quarters and bathrooms, including many rooms of staff of the Virginia Historical Society and Virginia Weddells bedroom, bath, and study.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>Virginia House is set in carefully planned landscape gardens, which contain a diversity of plants and plantings. Virginia Weddell hired the noted landscape architect Charles Gillette in 1927, and over some twenty years he built more than 8 acre of scenic gardens containing close to 1,000 types of ornamental plants—from formal spring displays to wisteria, roses, and sprawling hydrangeas that drape balconies and garden rails. The first phase of the plan was to create an informal Garden Week tours are held in Virginia House gardens in the spring, attracting thousands of visitors annually.</p><br>
<p>Sedgwick Gardens, located at 3726 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, is an apartment building on the southwest corner of Connecticut Avenue and Sedgwick Street in Northwest Washington D.C. It is located two blocks from the Cleveland Park Metro. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and represents a significant example of an Art Deco porte-cochere architecture in Washington.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Sedgwick Gardens was designed by prominent Washington architect Mihran Mesrobian for local developer Max Gorin of the Southern Construction Company in 1931 for $500,000, and in 1932 opened as a rental apartments building. It is currently distinguished as one of the Cleveland Park Historic District apartment complexes in Washington.</p><br>
<p>Its entrance has been designed so that the eye of any visitor is drawn upward toward of a pair of high relief female figures, a pair of bas-relief male figures, and further toward the rose window on the massive square elevator tower in the background. White brick bands within the red brick facade line the main and top floors while shorter white bands lay just below each floors’ windows. Triangular projecting sculptured panels and niches that hold wrought iron deco railings interrupt a peculiar cornice treatment, and additional light and air for most of the apartments are provided by the encirclement of two dozen projecting bays. The building represents an exceptional double-U design.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The interiors of Sedgwick Gardens include solid mahogany doors, brass hardware, and limestone-marble in the octagonal lobby. Two dozen Moorish-style arches and columns, the six-sided skylight, and the restored octagonal fountain enhance the space. In the center rear of the lobby a small staircase leads to the first floor, just up half a story. In the style of the 1930s, dinettes replaced the large formal dining rooms in all 120 apartments. Originally each of these, including the one-bedrooms, contained a Murphy bed, but today only a few remain.</p><br>
<p>In the current day, renovations continue to be made by its owners, DARO Realty, Inc., and in particular, attention has been paid to upgrade kitchens while still striving to preserve the apartments’ original architectural elements. The restoration included restoration architects and artisans to ensure that the original character of the building has been retained. The exterior, lobby and hallways have all been restored.</p><br>
<p>Of particular note is the recent renovation of the lobby complete with marble and limestone floors, Moorish-style arches and columns, an octagonal water fountain, and an enormous hexagonal skylight that allows plenty of natural light.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>The Victory Gardens, which date to World War II, abut the park to the apartment building&#39;s western property line. The War brought many changes. The basement storeroom was cleared to make room for an air raid shelter and tenants donated carpets, furniture, and canned goods to fix it up. After the War, a self-service elevator was installed and many changes have continued to occur over the years, but the buildings old charm survives. Most of the cabana doors are still intact and date back to the original 1930s design for the building. Although every apartment today has air conditioning units, there are louvered doors, which are screen-like, allowing ventilation to the halls and between apartments. Today, the site of the Victory Gardens has been reconstructed to accommodate the grounds parking lot.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Franklin Jones Cottage  is a cottage on the National Register of Historic Places in Cresson Township, Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the mansion was purchased by a group that desired to restore it. In November 2009, a county judge declared the declining property a nuisance and ordered that it be demolished. When the historical group appealed to the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court, the town supervisors agreed to postpone the demolition until May 2010. A request for a $150,000 grant that the group hoped could fund renovations was rejected.</p><br>
<p>The structure was saved from demolition in 2011 when it was purchased by a Cresson, Pennsylvania couple who intended to restore it.</p><br>
<p>Kingsford House is a historic home located at Oswego in Oswego County, New York. It is a large -story brick residence. Built about 1870 in the Italianate style, it was extensively reconfigured and enlarged in 1912–1913 in the Tudor Revival style. Along the north and east edge of the property is a terrace wall built of cut limestone blocks and topped by a cast and wrought iron fence.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>John B. and Lydia Edwards House is a historic home located at Oswego in Oswego County, New York. It is a two-story, rectangular frame residence built between 1834 and 1835. Its owner John B. Edwards was abolitionist Gerrit Smith&#39;s agent at Oswego and the house is well documented as a way station on the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>John and Harriet McKenzie House is a historic home located at Oswego in Oswego County, New York. It is a -story, rectangular frame residence with Greek Revival details. Its owner John McKenzie was a former fugitive slave who built the house about 1847. Two years later Nathan and Clarissa Green built their house next door.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>George B. Sloan Estate is a historic home located at Oswego in Oswego County, New York. It is a -story, irregularly massed, Ithaca limestone building built between 1866 and 1870 in the Italian Villa style. It features a square, 3-story engaged tower. Also on the property is a carriage house, cast-iron fence, and fountain.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph T. Smitherman Historic Building, also known by a variety of other names throughout its history, is a historic Greek Revival building in Selma, Alabama. Completed in 1847, it has served many functions in the more than 160 years of its existence. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 20, 1975, due to its architectural and historical significance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was completed by the Selma Fraternal Lodge No. 27 of the Free and Accepted Masons in 1847.</p><br>
<p>The trustees of the Henry W. Vaughan estate purchased the building for $5,025 in 1904 and leased the former courthouse to a new school, the Selma Military Institute. The military school used the building until 1908, when it moved to what is now the administration building at the United Methodist Children&#39;s Home on North Broad Street. The trustees then converted the space into a new hospital, Vaughan Memorial Hospital, in 1911. The hospital occupied the building until 1960, when a new hospital building was completed on West Dallas Avenue. The building sat vacant and neglected until 1969, when the City of Selma, Dallas County, and the Selma Housing Authority purchased it for $82,500. This was done under the leadership of Joseph T. Smitherman, the mayor of Selma at the time. The facility reopened as the Historic and Civic Building on May 16, 1971. It was renamed in honor of Smitherman by the Selma City Council in 1979, for his role in preserving and restoring the building.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The three-story red brick structure is built in the Greek Revival-style that was popular at the time of its construction. It is most notable for its centrally placed tetrastyle portico, utilizing monumental Ionic columns. The exposed brickwork of the seven bay facade utilizes the stretcher bond, with a belt course between each floor. The pedimented portico covers the three central bays, with balconies at each upper level stretching the width and depth of the covered area. The wrought iron balcony railings utilize a design with an open diamond pattern, also known as a crowfoot baluster.</p><br>
<h2>Vaughan-Smitherman Museum</h2><br>
<p>The building is now home to the Vaughan-Smitherman Museum. The first floor contains the museum&#39;s Civil War collection and documents relating to slavery. The second is dedicated to a political collection. The third floor is set up as a hospital, as it may have appeared while in use as Vaughan Memorial Hospital. Additionally, the museum has mid-19th century antique furniture, a collection of Native American artifacts, meeting rooms for clubs and civic groups, and parlors for social events.</p><br>
<p>The Yamase Building at the corner of Moana Road and Kaumualii Highway in Waimea, Kauai, was built around 1919 by an itinerant Japanese temple architect for Seiichi Yamase, a nisei son of Japanese immigrants. Despite being the only structure of its kind in Hawaii, it well represents both commercial architecture in rural Hawaii and the contribution of immigrants to the growth of commerce there. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Corner buildings with curved facades are rare, but not unknown in Hawaii. However, most of them are masonry, not wood frame constructions, and no other such curved corner sits beneath a cantilevered, rectangular, Japanese-style (irimoya) hip and gable roof. The cantilevered, wrap-around balcony on the upper floor follows the curve of the walls beneath, serving the same function as the verandah walkways around traditional Japanese homes. The upper-story doors are also paned sliding doors, like Japanese shōji. Upper-story balconies were typical of many small family-owned shops, where the family lived above the shop.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor has two sets of double doors, each providing access to a separate commercial space. The building first housed a branch of Sumitomo Bank, but has also housed at times a shoe store, barber shop, liquor store, and other small businesses. Its current tenants are West Kauai Collective retail store and a sandwich shop.</p><br>
<p>The building has sustained some flood damage over the years, and very severe wind damage during Hurricane Iwa in 1983 and Iniki in 1992, but has since been restored to good condition.</p><br>
<p>The Stephen Hogeboom House is located on NY 23B in Claverack, New York, United States. It is a frame Georgian-style house built in the late 18th century.</p><br>
<p>It was renovated in the mid-19th century, with several Greek Revival embellishments, but otherwise remains intact. In 1997 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house is on a 1.1 acre lot at the southeast corner of Route 23B and Stone Mill Road. It slopes down slightly at the south end toward Claverack Creek. Across the highway is the First Columbia County Courthouse. There are two outbuildings on the property, a garage and a wellhouse. A row of large, mature trees is planted on the east side of the lot. The neighborhood is residential, with houses from different eras.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Two stories high, the house is five bays wide and two rooms deep. It is sided in narrow weatherboard. A deep, plain cornice delineates the overhanging eaves of the steeply pitched gabled roof pierced by pairs of brick chimneys at either end near the roof crest.</p><br>
<p>On the north (front) facade, the centrally located main entrance is sheltered by a Greek Revival portico, with two tapered columns supporting a deeply corniced roof. The paneled door has glass sidelights and transom with a flat arched top, echoed on the window above it. There are two porches on the south (rear) facade, a small shed-roofed modern one and larger, ornate one with scalloped cornice and Regency-style latticework. Four unevenly placed eyebrow windows are on the second story.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>Inside, the main entrance opens onto a wide central hallway with pedimented arches on the doors and windows. All the fireplaces have Doric mantels. On the first floor, double doors (hinged on the east and sliding on the west) separate the front and rear rooms. A tall narrow cupboard is built into the entry recess of the northeast parlor.</p><br>
<p>A plain staircase leads up to the second floor. There, closets separate the front and rear rooms. Paneled doors from the houses original construction open onto the bedrooms. The southeast bedrooms chimney was built to serve a stove; all the other rooms have fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>Enclosed stairs lead to the attic. It is one large space, running the width of the house with exposed post-and-beam framing under the high roof. Corbels support the chimneys, also exposed, in the gable ends. Two layers of old wallpaper on the rear wall suggest that the space was once servants&#39; quarters.</p><br>
<p>The cellar is also one large space. Its ceiling framing suggests that double fireplaces now on the side walls were originally located in the center of the house. The floor has supported this observation.</p><br>
<p>Staircases lead from the cellar and second story to the rear kitchen wing. It has its original cooking hearth, complete with crane, and a brick oven that protrudes slightly from the rear wall. A small pantry made from old panel doors and other reused woodwork is in the passageway to the main block. A steep, turning staircase leads up to the garret.</p><br>
<h3>Outbuildings</h3><br>
<p>The larger of the two outbuildings, the garage, is a frame building roofed in asphalt on the south side of the house. It is one and a half car widths wide, and accessed from Stone Mill Road. Since it is of more modern construction, it is not considered a contributing resource to the property&#39;s historic character.</p><br>
<p>Closer to the house, near the kitchen door, the wellhouse is considered contributing as it appears it was built during the mid-19th-century renovations. It is frame, with a gabled roof and uses beaded posts and wainscoting.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Local tradition has it that Jeremiah Hogeboom built the house in 1784 for his son Stephen, then 40 years old. Historical records, such as property tax rolls, show otherwise. Hogeboom had been married for 20 years at that time, to Hilletje Muller, daughter of Cornelius (whose nearby house is still extant and also on the National Register). Tax rolls in 1779 show him living on a small house near the corner of that property, a house shown on maps as late as 1799. It is thus much more likely that the current house was built after the courthouse across the street, which dates to 1786.</p><br>
<p>At that time the intersection was the center of not only the hamlet of Claverack but Columbia County as well. Stone Mill and Old roads were the original route of the Albany Post Road, the main north–south route through the county, and combined with the road now followed by routes 23 and 23B made, the main east–west road, it was the crossroads of the county and thus the ideal location for the courthouse until Hudson was designated the new county seat in 1805. The Hogeboom House was equal in scale and form to the courthouse, making it as much of a landmark as that building.</p><br>
<p>Stephen Hogeboom was active in local politics. He served as Claveracks town supervisor in the late 1780s, and ex officio on the countys Board of Supervisors, then in the state legislature as both an assemblyman and state senator. His son Kilian was also county clerk.</p><br>
<p>Upon his death in 1814, his will provided that Kilian receive a separate house and property. His daughters and their descendants lived in the house for another 40 years. In 1854, the property was sold to a Peter Best of Stuyvesant for $4,000 ($ in contemporary dollars).</p><br>
<p>It is likely that it was Best who made the renovations in the then-popular Greek Revival mode. The house&#39;s roof is pitched more steeply than usual for that style (as the narrow weatherboard siding is unusual for Claverack), but otherwise it lent itself well to the renovations. The fireplaces were moved from the center of the basement to the walls, the upstairs closets installed and the rear porch and wellhouse added. The kitchen wing remained unaltered. A front portico that echoes one installed in a contemporary renovation to the courthouse was also added.</p><br>
<p>Best&#39;s family lived in the house for the remainder of the 19th century. Throughout the 20th and 21st, it has remained a private residence in the hands of several owners. The garage has been added, as well as the smaller, shed-roofed rear porch. There have been no other significant changes to the building.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln–Tallman House is a historic Italianate-style house in Janesville, Wisconsin. Built and constructed in 1857 by the Tallman family, the house once hosted overnight guest Abraham Lincoln before he became USA president.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Tallman was a lawyer working in the East when he bought 4,476 acre of land in Wisconsin Territory in the late 1840s.</p><br>
<p>Tallman moved his family to Janesville to keep a closer watch on his holdings. on a 3 acre bluff overlooking the Rock River on what was then the north edge of Janesville. High-quality materials included Cream City brick, cast iron on the windows and black walnut doors with hand-carved panels. It contained many modern conveniences of the time, such as central heating, gas piping installed for lights, running water, walk-in closets with built-in storage drawers and an indoor privy. The original cost was $33,000. Additional work finished in 1870 brought the total to $42,000. The 60 ft house has six floors and 20 rooms.</p><br>
<p>Tallman continued to advocate the abolition of slavery after moving to Janesville. He may have established this house as a station on the Underground Railroad, but it&#39;s unclear if any escaped slaves ever passed through it. The Tallman family resided in the house from 1857 to 1915. They donated the house to the city in 1950 on the condition that it be operated as a public museum.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln visited Janesville October 1–3, 1859, a year before he was elected president. He had come to Rock County from Milwaukee, where he had spoken at the Wisconsin State Fair.</p><br>
<p>The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1970. as a museum, it depicts upper class life in the latter half of the 19th century. More than 75% of its furnishings are original to the home.</p><br>
<p>Tallman House 3.JPG</p><br>
<p>Tallman House 4.JPG</p><br>
<p>Tallman House 2.JPG</p><br>
<p>Alaska Central Railroad Tunnel No. 1, also known as the Loop District Tunnel No. 1 is a historic railroad tunnel located about 40 mile north of Seward, Alaska, in the Placer River Valley, Kenai Peninsula. The tunnel was dug in 1906 and served the Alaska Central Railroad and later the Alaska Railroad until the route in the area, known as the "Loop District" was rerouted in 1951.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1903, the Alaska Central Railroad began a rail project north from Seward. The company encountered the most significant geographic obstacles to construction between 47 and 53 mi north of Seward, a section known as the "Loop District", where the line would need to cross a high-point in the Kenai Mountains and avoid the paths of two glaciers. A survey line was completed in between 10 and 15 ft of snow during the 1904–05 winter. Between March and November 1905, engineer Frank Bartlett determined sites for the structures needed to complete the route. At Mile 48.2 the route traveled through the tunnel.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel was part of a section of the route that turned 235 degrees. The tunnel curved at 14 degrees per hundred feet and approximately 100 degrees of the turn was completed within the tunnel. Upon exiting the tunnel, the route crossed a 1,600 ft trestle that was between 40 and 90 ft high and completed the remaining 135 degrees of the curve.</p><br>
<p>Construction began on January 16, 1906. The first 250 ft was dug using a steam-powered drill. Despite good progress made with the steam drill, the heat from the steam caused the tunnel to become too hot, and pneumatic power was used beginning April 28. Drilling was completed on September 25 on the tunnel finished on October 8. The total cost of labor and materials was US$96,782.66.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, a survey crew for the Alaska Engineering Commission studied the area for a proposed government railroad and to assess the Alaska Central line. The Commission recommended that the Alaska Central line be purchased by the Federal Government, and it was incorporated into the Alaska Railroad. The Alaska Engineering Commission extended the line north to Fairbanks.</p><br>
<p>The Loop District and Tunnel #1 were difficult and expensive to maintain, especially during the winter season. During the winter, a crew of men were stationed at the tunnel to operate a steam heating plant and large doors that had been installed at either end of the tunnel to keep the tracks inside from freezing. With rising costs associated with keeping the tunnel operable and the task of replacing many declining trestles, the railroad undertook a $1 million project in 1951 to relocate the route around Loop District between Miles 47.5 and 50.8 north of Seward. The retreat of Bartlett Glacier made a new route possible. The completion of the new route and dedication on November 6, 1951, made the Loop District route obsolete.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 28, 1977, and is in the possession of the Chugach National Forest.</p><br>
<p>Market House, also known as The Market Hall and The D.L.& W. Hall, is a historic market building located at Oswego in Oswego County, New York. It was built in 1835 and is a massive brick and stone structure overlooking the Oswego River. The structure originally housed several government entities including city hall. A new city hall was constructed in 1870 and completed in 1872. A section of the basement is believed to have been used as a jail. In 1864 the city sold it to the Oswego and Syracuse Railroad, that used it for the next 80 years as office and storage space. The railroad upgraded the building with a bracketed cornice and elaborate cupola.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The structure is privately owned, and a bar located on the north-most section of the first floor, named "Old City Hall" has been there for many years.</p><br>
<p>Sheldon Hall is a historic collegiate building located on the campus of the State University of New York at Oswego at Oswego in Oswego County, New York.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1911 and is a Neoclassical style structure that consists of a two-story main block built of brick and terra cotta above a raised basement with flanking wings. It features a copper clad clock tower and belfry above a pediment on the main block.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Schroeppel House is a historic home located in Schroeppel in Oswego County, New York. The original section was built in 1818 and is a Neoclassical-style structure. The principal mass is a three- by four-bay, -story frame house constructed in the style of a prostyle tetrastyle temple. It features a 2-story portico with Ionic columns. The house is currently used as a bed and breakfast called River Edge Mansion.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Starr Clark Tin Shop is a historic commercial building located at Mexico in Oswego County, New York. It is a two-story wood-framed vernacular building built about 1827 with Federal details. The tin shop measures 24 ft wide and 32 ft deep, with a 24-foot-4-inch-wide by 25-foot-8-inch-deep  rear wing. Its owner, Starr Clark, was a widely recognized abolitionist and supporter of the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Mexico Historical Society has restored the shop and operates it as a museum that highlights its use as a working tin shop and as a hub for the abolition movement.</p><br>
<p>The Cornelius S. Muller House is located along NY 23B in Claverack, New York, United States. It is a pre-Revolutionary brick house in a Dutch Colonial style with some English influences.</p><br>
<p>During the Revolutionary War, it was the meeting place of the local Committee of Safety and a site for courts martial. In 1840 it was renovated, but it has otherwise remained intact from its original time period. In 1997 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house is on the south side of Route 23B, along the north side of a 5.5 acre lot, the remnant of the former farm. It is very close to the roadway. The neighborhood is residential, with many tall trees and other houses of 18th and 19th century construction. Across the street is the former Trinity Episcopal Church, an early-20th-century building now listed on the Register as well. There is one small outbuilding in the rear, considered a contributing resource to the house&#39;s Register listing.</p><br>
<p>The house itself is a 1½-story, two-by-four-bay structure with brick walls in an English cross bond on a stone-and-brick foundation. It is topped by a gambrel roof clad in wood shingles pierced by two shed dormer windows on the ends with two brick chimneys above either one. On the rear a one-story addition sided in clapboard runs the length of the house.</p><br>
<p>On the north (front) façade the gray and red paneled Dutch door that serves as the main entrance is located in the second bay from the west. It is sheltered by a replica stoop, with a set of small stone steps leading up to it. The windows all have splayed wood lintels, painted red, and paneled shutters in gray and red, matching the door. Between the bays are a set of metal anchors forming the numbers "1767". Below the westernmost bay is the cellar door, with a small barred window looking into it below the eastern bay. The east and west profiles both have only two windows, both on the attic level</p><br>
<p>Inside, the main entrance leads into the eastern of the two rooms on the first story. It has an enclosed staircase in the southeast corner, and a fireplace surrounded by raised wooden panelling. The eastern room has exposed beaded ceiling beams and a partially jambed fireplace. Some of the house&#39;s original red clay floor tiles are in the hearth.</p><br>
<p>The attic has had its layout modified since the original construction. It has the original wide plank wood flooring and the original lath and plaster walls.</p><br>
<p>A 1½-story surviving outbuilding is to the rear of the house. It is built of heavy timber frame on a stone foundation, sided in clapboard and roofed in metal. Since it is likely related to the original agricultural use of the property, it is considered a contributing resource to the house&#39;s historic character.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There were many Mullers, a family descended from both Dutch and Palatine German settlers in the region, in Claverack in the 19th century. Maps later in that era indicate clearly that this parcel was that of Cornelius S. Muller. Unlike most of his neighbors, he supported the Revolution and was a member of the local Committee of Safety, hosting their meetings.</p><br>
<p>The house shows signs of the growing English influence on Dutch vernacular architecture in the Hudson Valley in the later 18th century. Early Dutch houses in the region were made of rubblestone and had steep gabled roofs, like the Bronck House, a National Historic Landmark across the Hudson River in Coxsackie. Cornelius Muller&#39;s House substitutes an English gambrel roof and takes advantage of the greater availability of brick by that time. It retains the asymmetrical entrance placement, and the short width, of early Dutch houses. The division of the interior into two rooms, as opposed to leaving the whole space open and undivided, is also a sign of English influence.</p><br>
<p>The Muller family lived there for several generations. Around 1840, the contributing outbuilding was erected. In the late 20th century, prior to its listing on the Register, a new owner restored the house using surviving original material and an exhibit at the Brooklyn Museum to replicate trim such as the shutters.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton Farmstead is a historic farm complex and national historic district located at Mexico in Oswego County, New York. The district includes three contributing structures; the farmhouse, a barn, and a milkhouse; and three hand-dug wells. The farmhouse is a three bay, two story cobblestone building built in 1848 in the Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Slack Farmstead is a historic farm complex and national historic district located at Mexico in Oswego County, New York. The district includes four contributing structures; the farmhouse, a dairy barn , granary  and a hen house . Also on the property are a contributing stone wall, hand-dug well, and farm pond. The farmhouse is a five-bay, -story frame building with a gable roof built about 1838.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Stillman Farmstead is a historic farm complex and national historic district located at Mexico in Oswego County, New York. The district includes three contributing structures; the farmhouse, a mid-19th-century barn , and a large garage . The farmhouse is a -story frame building built in 1889 in the Queen Anne style.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Thayer Farmstead is a historic farm complex and national historic district located at Mexico in Oswego County, New York. The district includes two contributing structures; the farmhouse and horse barn with small carriage shed. Also on the property are a contributing The farmhouse is composed of a two-story central section flanked by symmetrical one story wings. It is a frame building built about 1836.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Red Mill Farm is a historic farm complex and national historic district located at Colosse in Oswego County, New York. The district includes a number of contributing structures; the farmhouse, tool shop , granary , horse barn , silo, garage, milkhouse, and windmill. The farmhouse was built about 1832 and is a three bay, two story frame building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Mexico Village Historic District is a national historic district located at Mexico in Oswego County, New York. The district includes 77 contributing buildings and three contributing structures. There are 33 residential buildings, 23 commercial buildings, and 17 outbuildings. It includes the central part of the built-up area of the small rural village of Mexico. Beck&#39;s Hotel  is the largest building in the district.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Pulaski Village Historic District is a national historic district located at Pulaski in Oswego County, New York. The district includes 27 contributing buildings and two contributing sites located within the intact historic residential and commercial core of the village. The buildings include seven residences, two churches, a courthouse, and 26 commercial structures.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Montcalm Park Historic District is a national historic district located at Oswego in Oswego County, New York. The district includes 28 contributing buildings, one contributing site, and three contributing structures. The centerpiece of the district is Montcalm Park, a two-acre landscaped park dedicated in 1913. The park was once the site of a military fort called Fort George, built by the British in 1755 and destroyed by the French commander Louis-Joseph de Montcalm in 1756. The site is now Montcalm Park, bordered by West Schulyer Street, Montcalm Street and West 6th Street.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Sandy Creek Historic District is a national historic district located in the village of Sandy Creek in Oswego County, New York. The district includes 14 contributing buildings on 11 properties. It includes the cohesive intact collection of late 19th century and early 20th century buildings on Main Street and Harwood Drive.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Stillwater Bridge is a historic Pratt through Truss bridge located at Stillwater in Oswego County, New York. It is a two-span bridge constructed in 1913 and spans the Salmon River. It was constructed by the Penn Bridge Company of Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was demolished by Oswego County in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Chancellor is a historic canal tugboat located at Waterford, New York. It was built in 1938 by the Ira S. Bushey & Sons Shipyard of Brooklyn, New York. She measures 76.7 ft in length, 21 ft in beam, and 9.3 ft depth of hold. She was designed for use on the New York State Barge Canal.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Tug Chancellor is owned and operated by the Waterford Maritime Historical Society, based in Waterford, New York. In 2017 she took on water and sunk up to her wheelhouse, leaving her future in limbo.</p><br>
<p>Sackets Harbor Village Historic District is a national historic district located at Sackets Harbor in Jefferson County, New York. The district includes 143 contributing buildings, among a total of 156 buildings in the historic central core of the village. The majority of the buildings were constructed during the first century of European-American settlement, 1801 to 1900.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Village of Antwerp Historic District is a national historic district located at Antwerp in Jefferson County, New York. The district includes 241 contributing buildings, four contributing sites, one contributing structure, and one contributing object. It encompasses most of the village and includes residential, commercial, civic, and ecclesiastical buildings, a memorial park with monument, two cemeteries, and a stone arch bridge. Most of the buildings were built between 1840 and 1900.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Broadway Historic District is a national historic district located at Cape Vincent in Jefferson County, New York, United States. The district includes six contributing buildings and one contributing structure; three high style residences and four contributing outbuildings. Located within the district is the separately listed Vincent LeRay House.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Point Salubrious Historic District is a national historic district located at Lyme near Chaumont in Jefferson County, New York. The district includes 11 contributing buildings and four contributing structures. It includes a farmhouse, a boarding house, five seasonal bungalows, five associated outbuildings , one remnant shed, and six pumphouse structures .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Jefferson County Courthouse Complex is a courthouse complex and national historic district located at Watertown in Jefferson County, New York. The district includes three contributing buildings; the courthouse building , Clerks Office  and Surrogates Office . The courthouse building is a two-story, red brick structure with limestone trim. It features a three-story tower on the northwest corner. It was designed by architect Horatio Nelson White.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Pierrepont Manor Complex is a national historic district located at Mannsville in Jefferson County, New York. The district includes five contributing buildings. They are the manor house , carriage barn , land office , Zion Episcopal Church  and its parish house and school . The manor house is operated as a full-service wedding facility.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Madison Barracks was a military installation established in 1813 or 1815 The facility is a National Historic Landmark and a historic district located in Jefferson County, New York. The district includes 86 contributing buildings and two contributing structures. It includes the stone hospital, bakery, several warehouses known as "Stone Row," a stone water tower, and a series of brick buildings constructed in the 1890s as officers quarters, barracks, mess hall, and weapons storage and repair building.</p><br>
<p>Madison Barracks was the USA Army&#39;s primary post in upstate New York until Pine Camp (later renamed Fort Drum) was opened in 1908. Madison Barracks remained an active military installation through the end of World War II, to 1947.</p><br>
<p>The grounds and remaining buildings of Madison Barracks are now part of a combined residential and business development.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Military Cemetery at Sackets Harbor</h2><br>
<p>Military Cemetery at Sackets Harbor or Military Cemetery is located south of the barracks at Dodge Avenue and Spencer Drive since 1909. It is the resting place for Zebulon Pike.</p><br>
